Atherogenic Index of Plasma Predicts Early Recurrent Ischemic Lesion in Acute Ischemic Stroke

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J Neurosonol Neuroimag. 2022;14(1):42-50

Publication date (electronic) : 2022 June 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.31728/jnn.2022.00117

Ki-Woong Nam, MD, MSc^*,†, Hyung-Min Kwon, MD, PhD^,*,†, Yong-Seok Lee, MD, PhD^*,†

^*Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

^†Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Hyung-Min Kwon, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea Tel: +82-2-870-2475 Fax: +82-2-831-2826 E-mail: hmkwon@snu.ac.kr

Received 2022 April 26; Revised 2022 May 10; Accepted 2022 May 10.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Stroke recurrence in patients with ischemic stroke is clinically important because it increases the risk of subsequent disability and mortality.1 However, it is difficult to differentiate between initial neurological deficit and clinical worsening in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), even if a well-trained neurologist conducts a daily neurological examination.1-3 Therefore, it is reported that the clinical recurrence rate after AIS is only less than 5%.2

However, since the development of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) technique sensitive to ischemic lesion, it has been reported that early radiological recurrence occurs quite frequently.1,4 These occurrences of new lesions called early recurrent ischemic lesions (ERILs) are so frequent that they occur in up to 40% of patients with AIS during the first week.2,4,5 Although most of ERILs are asymptomatic, they are considered to have similar pathologies as an index stroke or clinical recurrence.5,6 Therefore, several studies have been conducted so far to prevent the clinical recurrence of ischemic stroke by using ERIL, which is easy to analyze due to its high frequency, as a surrogate marker.1,4,7

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a lipid profile represented by high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and small/dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.8-10 These lipoproteins are known to cause various vascular complications including atherosclerosis.8,9 Therefore, as well as simply lowering LDL cholesterol, improving this lipid profile will also important in preventing the occurrence and worsening of cerebrovascular diseases.11 Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is an index that reflects such atherogenic dyslipidemia status as a single number.12 AIP has demonstrated a close association with atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases in previous studies.13-15 However, there are still not sufficient studies on ischemic stroke patients.16

In this study, we evaluated the association between AIP and ERIL occurrence in patients with AIS. In addition, by performing subgroup analysis according to the mechanism of AIS, we explored which stroke mechanism AIP affects to cause ERIL.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

3. Radiological evaluations

All participants in this study performed brain MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 24 hours of admission using a 3.0-T MR scanner (Achieva 3.0T; Philips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands). The details of MRI scan acquisition were as follows: The thickness of basic slice=5.0 mm; DWI (repetition time [TR]/echo time [TE]=3,000/44 ms); T1-weighted images (TR/TE=500/11 ms); T2-weighted images (TR/TE=3,000/100 ms); T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images (TR/TE=11,000/120 ms); and three-dimensional time of flight MRA (TR/TE=24/3.5 ms, slice thickness=1.2 mm).

ERIL was defined as a new DWI lesion developing outside the initial symptomatic lesion area and not visible in the initial MRI (Fig. 1).7 The enlargement of the initial lesion was not considered as ERIL, in the line with previous studies.7 ERIL was based on radiological findings without consideration of the presence of clinical symptoms.7 The radiological assessments were performed by two trained neurologists (K.W.N. and H.M.K.), and disagreements were resolved through discussions with a third rater (Y.S.L.).

Fig. 1.

Representative cases of early recurrent ischemic lesion. The figures are representative cases of the occurrence of ERIL (red arrow) caused by (A) intracranial and (B) extracranial large artery atherosclerosis. ERIL refers to a new DWI lesion that is not visible in the initial magnetic resonance imaging, and the enlargement of the initial DWI lesion is not included. ERIL; early recurrent ischemic lesion, DWI; diffusion-weighted imaging.

RESULTS

A total of 182 patients with AIS were assessed. The median age of the study population was 72 (64-82) years, and the proportion of males was 58.2%. The median value of the initial NIHSS score was 4 (2-13). The median visit time for patients after symptom onset was 0 (0-1) days, and the time from initial MRI to follow-up MRI was 3 (1-5) days. ERIL occurred in 76 patients (41.8%), and the median AIP value was 0.32 (0.12-0.54). Details of other baseline characteristics are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population

In our study population, AIP showed a positive correlation with male sex (p=0.046), LDL cholesterol (p=0.002), triglyceride (p<0.001), WBC counts (p=0.028), hs-CRP (p=0.001), and ERIL (p=0.035). On the other hand, it showed a negative correlation with AF (p=0.013) and HDL cholesterol (p<0.001). In terms of stroke mechanisms, AIP showed a positive correlation with IC- and EC-LAA (p<0.001 and p=0.014, respectively), and a negative correlation with CE (p=0.001) and cryptogenic stroke (p=0.006) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate linear regression analysis between the atherogenic index of plasma and clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters

In univariate analysis, ERIL was associated with age, initial NIHSS score, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride. AIP remained at a level showing a statistically marginal trend with ERIL (p=0.055) (Table 3). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, AIP (aOR, 3.73; 95% CI, 1.01-13.82) was positively associated with ERIL after adjusting for confounders. Age (aOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-.06) and initial NIHSS score (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) were also correlated with ERIL, being independent from AIP (Table 4).

Table 3.

Comparisons of baseline characteristics of patients with and without early recurrent ischemic lesion

Table 4.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of possible predictors for early recurrent ischemic lesion

When comparing according to stroke mechanisms, statistically significant differences in AIP values were observed between patients with and without ERIL only in the EC-LAA group (p=0.028). Even in the IC-LAA group, patients with ERIL had higher AIP values than those without ERIL, but this was not statistically significant (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Comparisons of the atherogenic index of plasma according to the presence of ERIL by stroke mechanisms. AIP showed a significant difference according to the presence or absence of ERIL only in the EC-LAA patients (p=0.028). Even in the IC-LAA group, patients with ERIL had higher AIP than those without ERIL, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.272). AIP; atherogenic index of plasma, ERIL; early recurrent ischemic lesion, IC-LAA; intracranial-large artery atherosclerosis, EC-LAA; extracranial-large artery atherosclerosis, CE; cardioembolic.

We compared the prognosis during hospitalization between the patients with and without ERIL to confirm the clinical significance of ERIL. Patients with ERIL had more frequent END (34.2% vs. 18.9%, p=0.019) and higher discharge NIHSS scores (6 [2-16] vs. 2 [0-8], p<0.001) than those without ERIL. Patients with ERIL also had higher discharge mRS scores, but the difference was not statistically significant (Table 5).

Table 5.

Differences in subsequent prognosis between patients with and without early recurrent ischemic lesions

DISCUSSION

In this study, we found that AIP was closely associated with ERIL in patients with AIS. This close association was particularly conspicuous in patients with AIS due to EC-LAA. AIP may be involved in the development of new stroke lesion by affecting atherosclerotic plaques.

The exact pathological mechanisms that explain the close association between AIP and ERIL are unclear. However, the authors can offer plausible hypotheses. In our data, AIP showed a positive correlation with IC- and EC-LAA stroke, whereas it showed a negative correlation with CE or cryptogenic stroke (Table 2). In addition, although not statistically significant, patients with ERIL mainly suffered stroke due to the LAA mech-anism (Table 3). In other words, it seems appropriate to think about the association of AIP with ERIL in relation to the mechanism of LAA stroke.

As mentioned earlier, AIP is a marker of atherogenic dyslipidemia.12 These triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and small/dense LDL cholesterol easily penetrate into the intima of the artery.18 The infiltrating lipoproteins are degraded by lipase to product free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol, which leads to low-grade inflammation.19,20 In addition, these types of lipoproteins are uptaken by macrophages to form foam cells, thereby increasing the instability of atherosclerotic plaques.21 Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein increases plasma viscosity, promotes factor VII clotting activity, and interferes with fibrinolysis, which can also cause thrombosis.18 Due to these mechanisms, artery-to-artery embolism or in situ thrombosis may occur from atherosclerotic plaques of the large artery, causing ERIL.

However, as shown in our Fig. 2, AIP showed a difference in association with ERIL in the IC-LAA group and the EC-LAA group. Although the IC-LAA group had a higher median AIP value than the EC-LAA group (0.49 [0.29-0.61] vs. 0.45 [0.20-0.64]), there was no significant difference with or without ERIL. According to previous studies, EC-LAA is mainly caused by the mechanism of artery-to-artery embolism, whereas IC-LAA is known to be caused by various different pathological mechanisms (e.g., in situ thrombosis, branch atheromatous disease, artery-to-artery embolism).22 Some of the various mechanisms of IC-LAA may not be affected by AIP values, thereby weakening their statistical significance. On the other hand, it can be interpreted that artery-to-artery embolism causing EC-LAA may relatively closely be related to AIP. Of course, our results may also be the result from the statistical influence caused by the small sample size.

ERIL means the development of a novel lesion, regardless of whether symptoms recur or worsen. Therefore, some of ERILs may have occurred naturally as a result of decomposition of a thrombus blocking blood vessels during the formation of the initial lesions, regardless of the actual recurrence.7 However, as shown in Table 5, patients who underwent ERIL had a markedly worse prognosis during hospitalization and at discharge. Therefore, it would be of clinical significance to classify high-risk groups using ERIL and provide intensive treatment for them.

Although we presented novel findings, several limitations should be considered in interpreting the results of this study. First, since this study is a retrospective cross-sectional study, we can only show association, but it does not imply causality. Second, because of the nature of the outcome variable in this study, we included only patients who underwent follow-up MRI in the analysis. Follow-up MRI is not routinely performed in all AIS patients, and is mainly performed when clinical worsening occurs. Therefore, selection bias is bound to occur to some extent, and our high ERIL frequency should be interpreted in consideration of this point. Third, we also excluded patients who were taking lipid-lowering agents from the analysis. Although this also can cause selection bias, the authors thought that it was right to exclude these patients from the analysis, because various effects could directly affect to AIP value according to the type, dose, and timing of the drugs. Fourth, the sample size for analysis was not large due to the application of relatively strict exclusion criteria. Our findings, which were relatively clear even with a small number of samples, should be confirmed in subsequent studies involving a larger number of patients. Lastly, among the components of constituting the AIP formula, HDL cholesterol did not have statistical significance in the univariate analysis process. Therefore, our results may also be interpreted that the effect of hypertriglyceridemia is greater than that of other lipoproteins constituting atherogenic dyslipidemia.

In conclusion, we found that AIP was closely related to ERIL in patients with AIS, especially EC-LAA stroke. Currently, in most stroke patients caused by LAA are taking statin from the beginning of hospitalization. However, despite taking statin, ERIL occurred in many patients, and AIP was more closely related to ERIL than LDL cholesterol, a well-known risk factor. In other words, it may be necessary to develop a new therapeutic target or therapeutic agent for atherogenic dyslipidemia. Of course, these results and interpretations of our study should be verified by further studies.

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