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J Neurosonol Neuroimag > Volume 11(2); 2019 > Article |
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Total (n=165) | Normal echogenicity (n=79, 48%) | Abnormal echogenicity (n=86, 52%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 68.1±9.73 | 68.7± 9.6 | 67.6±9.88 | 0.48 |
Sex (women) | 101 (61) | 45 (57) | 56 (65) | 0.338 |
Diabetes | 21 (13) | 10 (12) | 11 (13) | 0.836 |
Hypertension | 31 (19) | 16 (20) | 15 (18) | 0.657 |
Dyslipidemia | 16 (10) | 9 (11) | 7 (8) | 0.538 |
Duration (years) | 1.4±1.32 | 1.6±0.54 | 1.3±1.07 | 0.156 |
HY stage | 1.7±0.72 | 1.7±0.77 | 1.6±0.68 | 0.409 |
UPDRS I-III | 31.3±17.37 | 32.2±17.62 | 30.5±17.2 | 0.536 |
UPDRS III | 20.3±12.15 | 21.6±12.95 | 19.1±11.33 | 0.201 |
NMS | 39.5±39.01 | 39.7±38.54 | 39.3±39.63 | 0.952 |
PDQ39 | 77.1±30.73 | 76.9±30.77 | 77.3±30.88 | 0.939 |
MMSE | 26.1±3.22 | 26.4±2.69 | 25.9±3.71 | 0.302 |
MoCA | 22.2±5.5 | 22.8±4.23 | 21.6±6.56 | 0.187 |
PDSS | 99.2±36.68 | 106.2±31.28 | 93.3±39.94 | 0.032* |
HAM-D | 8.8±6.1 | 7.5±5.49 | 9.8±6.3 | 0.031* |
BMI | 23.6±2.45 | 24.1±2.32 | 23.2±2.51 | 0.036* |
Values are mean±standard deviation or number (%).
HY; Hoehn-Yahr stage, UPDRS; unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, NMS; non-motor symptom scale, PDQ-39; 39 item PD questionnaire, MMSE; mini-mental state examination, MoCA; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PDSS; Parkinson’s disease sleep scale, HAM-D; Hamilton depression rating scale, BMI; body mass index.
HAM-D score |
BMI |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-value | r | p-value | |
Age | 0.101 | 0.162 | -0.032 | 0.634 |
Female | 0.013 | 0.855 | 0.034 | 0.605 |
Duration | 0.025 | 0.732 | 0.047 | 0.479 |
HY stage | 0.159 | 0.027* | -0.011 | 0.867 |
UPDRS I-III | 0.256 | <0.0001* | -0.024 | 0.721 |
UPDRS III | 0.16 | 0.026* | -0.03 | 0.658 |
NMS | 0.609 | <0.0001* | 0.027 | 0.699 |
PDQ39 | 0.569 | <0.0001* | -0.022 | 0.744 |
MMSE | -0.133 | 0.068 | 0.028 | 0.684 |
MoCA | -0.167 | 0.02* | 0.064 | 0.339 |
PDSS | -0.24 | 0.001* | 0.057 | 0.426 |
HAM-D | -0.116 | 0.082 | ||
BMI | -0.116 | 0.082 | ||
Abnormal BR echogenicity | 0.203 | 0.023* | -0.1 | 0.237 |
HAM-D; Hamilton depression rating scale, BMI; body mass index, HY; Hoehn-Yahr stage, UPDRS; unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, NMS; non-motor symptom scale, PDQ-39; 39 item PD questionnaire, MMSE; mini-mental state examination, MoCA; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PDSS; Parkinson’s disease sleep scale, BR; brainstem raphe.